| |
Bergmann, Kerstin
P. (1990). Incidence of atypical pencil grasps among nondysfunctional
adults American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 44. (pp.
736-740)
- 447
Subjects
- Tripod-86%
- Lateral
Tripod- 10%
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Jaffe(1987)- Influence of grip on legibility, speed, and
fatigue in adult handwriting -
no significant difference between dynamic tripod and other
grasps. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston Univ.
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Keogh and Sugden (1985) Movement skill development. New
York: Macmillian.
- Ability
to form letters has less to do with grasp and more to do
with how much the grasp allows for use of intrinsic hand
musculature.
- **Need
to shift emphasis from focus on prehensile pattern to elements
of mature hand control.
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Berninger,
Virginian W. & Rutberg, Judith (1992). Relationship of finger
function to beginning writing: application to diagnosis of writing
disabilities Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 34.
(198-215)
|
4
Parts: finger lifting, spreading ,localization, recognition.
Finger succession task had best validity for assessing beginning
writing - handwriting probably measures motor planning of
complex fine motor movements (dexterity and praxis). Use finger
succession and alphabet to identify 'at-risk' children - 1st,
2nd, 3rd graders. Lower case, no prompt.
|
Breslin, D.
M. M., & Exner, C. E. (1999). Construct validity of the in hand
manipulation test: a discriminate analysis with children without
disability and children with spastic diplegia American Journal
of Occupational Therapy, 53. (381-386).
In-hand
manipulation test = fine motor
3 years to 8 years 11 months with disabilities |
Case-Smith,
Jane (2002). Effectiveness of school-based therapy intervention
or handwriting. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 56.
(17-25)
Cornhill
& Case-Smith (1996)
- Visual motor integration correlates to handwriting
- In-hand manipulation correlates factors that relate to good
and poor handwriting; AJOT 50; 732-739 |
Comparison of In-Hand Manipulation skills in children with and
without fine motor delays - Case-Smith
-30 Children age 4-6 with delays and without
Children with decreased in hand manipulation have decreased
fine motor skills |
Exner (1990) The zone of proximal development in in-hand manipulation
skills of nondysfunctional 3 and 4 year old children. American
Journal of Occupational Therapists 44, 884-891 |
Cornhill, H.,
& Case-Smith, J. (1996). Factors that relate to good and poor
handwriting American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 50. (732-739)
|
Kinesthesia
Motor Planning
Eye hand coordination
Visuomotor integration
In hand manipulation
-49 typically developing first graders
- -judged
good/poor handwriters by teachers
- 26
good 23 poor
- -Minnesota
handwriting test
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Assessment
tools
- MAC,
VMI, translation and rotation, MHT
- Scores
were compared between good and poor handwriters.
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For
each test, those with good handwriting scored higher than
those with poor.
63.7% translation, 5.9% VMI, and 3.3% rotation were significant
predictors of MHT scores
Weil, M.J., & Cunningham Amundson, S.J. (1994) Relationship
between visuomotor and handwriting skills of children in kindergarten.
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48, 982-988.
|
Daly, Christopher J., &Kelley, Gail T., &Krauss, Andrea
(2003). Relationship between visual-motor integration and handwriting
skills of children in kindergarten: A modified replication study
American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57,(459-462)
|
Look
at VM
Lined vs unlined paper
Results- students who could copy the 1st 9 of VMI had significantly
better than those who could not. No significant difference
in letter writing legibility between lined and unlined paper.
VMI is strongly related to the development of HW.
|
Dennis,
Julie L., & Swinth, Yvonne (2001). Pencil grasp and children's
handwriting legibility during different length writing tasks American
Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55, (175-183)
No
significant difference across grasp - type of grasp did not
affect legibility
46 4th grade students |
|
Zivani, J., & Elkins, J. (1986) Effects of pencil grip
on handwriting speed and legibility. Education Review, 38,
(247-257)
- Found
that grasp patterns may not significantly affect overall
handwriting performance.
|
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Sassoon,
Nimmo-Smith & Wing (1986)
- 294
Participants 7-16 years old
- Grasp
vs writing speed - no relationship
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Elliott
J. M., & Connolly K. J. (1984). A classification of manipulative
hand movements Developmental Medical Child Neurology, 26,
(283-296)
| Simple
synergies - all movements of digits (including thumb) are convergent
flexor synergies/squeezing rubber ball |
|
Reciprocal
synergies -
- Combinations
of movements where thumb and other digits show dissimilar
or reciprocal movements, such as flexion of fingers with
adduction or extension of thumb.
- -A
high proportion of intrinsic movements fall into this category.
|
Burton, A.,
& Dancisak, M. (2000). Grip form and graphomotor control in
preschool children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy,
54, (9-17)
|
60
subjects, age 3, 4, and 5
- 20
trials of precision drawing task
- 4
trials with 5 implements of varying diameters
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Increase
diameter, decrease grip maturity (but did not effect accuracy)
Encourage children with poor graphomotor skills to use smaller
movements which may elicit increased level grips
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Ziviani
& Elkins (1984) Hand function in the child
- 8
and 14 year olds - the way they've held the pencil had no
affect on speed or legibility
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Sassoon et al. (1986) Graphonomics: Contemporary research
in homework
- No
advantage of writing speed with a tripod grasp compared
with other grips
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Pencil Diameter
- 3
studies found no impact on accuracy; drawing, writing performance
by a change in diameter - but diameter range was limited
in these studies.
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Admunson
& Weil (1996)
- by
the beginning of 2nd grade, change in a child's grasp pattern
may be so stressful that effort should be abandoned."
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